Non-Radio Notes: Limbs and others

Confusion causes

Hypoxia: Atelectasis, PE, Pneumonia, Hypoventilation due to pain, Pulm.oedema

Infection: UTI, IV cannula, Chest, Wound, Intraperitoneal

Electrolytes: HypoNa

Fluid: Dehydration, Uremia

Withdrawal: EtOH, Benzodiazepine

Drug induced: Narcotics, Sedatives

Glucose: Hypoglycaemia

Disorientation: Rapid change in environment (ie from home to hospital)

CVA, Seizure

Urinary retention

Pan, Anxiety, Sleep deprivation can predispose to confusion
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Confusion causes (Post-op)

Sepsis: Intra-abdominal abscess, Wound infection, Pneumonia, UTI

Hypoxia: Chest infection, PE, Pre-existing pulmonary disease

Metabolic: HypoNa, Hypo/Hyperglycaemia, Acidosis/Alkalosis

Cardiac: Myocardial ischaemia, Arrhthymia, Cardiac failure

Hypotension: Haemorrhage, Dehydration

CVA

Drug withdrawal: EtOh, Benzodiazepine, Narcotic

Exacerbation of medical conditions: Hypothyroidism, Pre-existing cognitive disorders, Pre-existing dementia

Narcotic analgesic side effect

Pain

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Lower limb oedema

Local:
- Sluggish venous return: Immobility, Pregnancy, Prolonged sitting, Inefficient calf muscle pump (eg. poliomyelitis, hemiplegia)
- DVT
- Destruction of deep venous system valves after DVT
- Congenital lymphatic aplasia / hypoplasia (Milroy's disease)
- Cellulitis
- Lymphatic obstruction - Filariasis

Regional:
- Venous obstruction by pelvic mass (Advanced pregnancy, malignancy, cyst)
- Lymphatic obstruction by malignant involvement of inguinal / more proximal nodes / block dissection / radiotherapy
- IVC obstruction

Systemic:
- CHF / Right heart failure
- Hypoalbuminaemia (malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome)
- Fluid overload
- Side effect of drug therapy (ACE-I)